CENTER FOR THE ART OF EAST ASIA
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27 unknown 23 Tokyo National Museum 21 National Museum of Asian Art 15 private collection 13 Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts 11 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art 8 Museum Rietberg 8 University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 7 Metropolitan Museum of Art 7 Nezu Art Museum 6 Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 6 Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium 6 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 6 National Museum of China 5 Cleveland Museum of Art 4 Columbia University 4 Museo nazionale d’arte orientale 4 Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde 4 San Diego Museum of Art 4 Victoria and Albert Museum 3 British Museum 3 Cincinnati Art Museum 3 Harvard Art Museums 3 Tsz Shan Monastery Buddhist Art Museum 2 Art Institute of Chicago 2 Barnes Foundation 2 Guimet Museum 2 Kyushu National Museum 2 Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst 2 Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 2 Nara National Museum 2 National Gallery of Victoria 2 Philadelphia Museum of Art 2 University of Tokyo, Museum of Art and History 1 Aurora Art Museum 1 Brooklyn Museum of Art 1 Cernuschi Museum 1 Clark Art Institute 1 Columbia University, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 1 Detroit Institute of Arts 1 J. J. Lally & Co. New York 1 Masaki Art Museum 1 Miho Museum 1 Minneapolis Institute of Arts 1 Morgan Library & Museum 1 Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka 1 Nezu Museum 1 Ohara Museum of Art 1 Portland Art Museum 1 Rijksmuseum 1 Royal Ontario Museum 1 Seattle Art Museum 1 Villa I Tatti 1 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 1 Wadsworth Atheneum

193 figures

341 image
Buddha Triad from Wanfo Pavilion (Wanfoge, Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), side
  • Title Translation: 万佛阁三圣 , 侧面
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The three figures on the ground level of the Rulai Hall are located directly below three other large Buddha sculptural images in the upper level, called the Wanfoge (Ten-thousand Buddha Pavilion). Of these sculptures, the central figure is artistically similar to the Shakyamuni in the lower level. It too is a very large golden figure displaying finely modeled features and wearing the same kind of robe and earrings. In addition, this Buddha wears a five-petaled jeweled crown, large necklace and additional jewelry on his arms and ankles. He sits on a larger multilevel, thousand-petaled lotus throne set on an elaborately carved base that indicate his superior status or importance. His hands are held up in front of his chest, with the index finger of the left hand raised and the right hand closed over it. This is the mudra called the “wisdom fist” and is the gesture of the Buddha Vairocana who is the dharmakaya Buddha. A large coffered ceiling with central dragon was formerly situated directly above him. The two other large Buddha sculptures in the Wanfoge are labeled as Sakyamuni Buddha and Rochana Buddha, and together with the central Vairochana they are identified as the Three Bodies of the Buddha. Rochana represents the Buddha body as sambhogakaya or baoshen, body of reward, an idealized vision worshipped by believers emerged.
1444

Buddha Triad from Wanfo Pavilion (Wanfoge, Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), Vairocana Buddha
  • Title Translation: 万佛阁三圣 , 毗卢遮那佛
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The three figures on the ground level of the Rulai Hall are located directly below three other large Buddha sculptural images in the upper level, called the Wanfoge (Ten-thousand Buddha Pavilion). Of these sculptures, the central figure is artistically similar to the Shakyamuni in the lower level. It too is a very large golden figure displaying finely modeled features and wearing the same kind of robe and earrings. In addition, this Buddha wears a five-petaled jeweled crown, large necklace and additional jewelry on his arms and ankles. He sits on a larger multilevel, thousand-petaled lotus throne set on an elaborately carved base that indicate his superior status or importance. His hands are held up in front of his chest, with the index finger of the left hand raised and the right hand closed over it. This is the mudra called the “wisdom fist” and is the gesture of the Buddha Vairocana who is the dharmakaya Buddha. A large coffered ceiling with central dragon was formerly situated directly above him. The two other large Buddha sculptures in the Wanfoge are labeled as Sakyamuni Buddha and Rochana Buddha, and together with the central Vairochana they are identified as the Three Bodies of the Buddha. Rochana represents the Buddha body as sambhogakaya or baoshen, body of reward, an idealized vision worshipped by believers emerged.
1444

Buddha Triad from Zhihua Hall (Zhihuadian, Hall of Transforming Wisdom), Dipankara's throne
  • Title Translation: 智化殿三世佛 , 燃灯佛
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The main altar of the Zhihua Hall is no longer in its original form, and the three large seated Buddhas that originally occupied the space were removed and are now believed to be in the Dajue Temple. The Zhihua Hall now houses three Buddha images that once occupied the Dabei Hall at the back of the temple. These sculptures are smaller in size than the former ones, but are likely quite similar in appearance. The three Buddhas are depicted sitting with legs crossed in front on lotus thrones. The elaborate throne bases are believed to be of the Qing (1644-1911). They each wear a robe draped over the left shoulder that falls diagonally across the front of the torso and under the right arm leaving the chest, right shoulder, and arm exposed. They have curling hair and a jewel-like protuberance on the ushnisha on the top of the head. They are distinguished by the position of their hands. The central Buddha has his right hand reaching forward with fingers pointed downward in the gesture of touching the earth (bhumishparsha mudra). The Buddha to his left has the right hand raised in the gesture of granting absence of fear (abhaya mudra) The Buddha at his right side has both hands has both hands held in front of the chest in gesture of teaching, known as turning the wheel of the law (dharmachakra mudra). The three are identified as The Buddhas of the Three Ages—Shakyamuni (the central historical Buddha), Dipankara (Buddha of the Past), and Maitreya (Buddha of the Future). From the time of Shakyamuni’s life and his teachings to his disciples, the belief in the Buddha as the Enlightened One grew into a religion that spread across Asia and expanded doctrinally to include a universe of many Buddhas of countless ages in time and realms of the universe. The Zhihua Temple sculptures illustrate various aspects of these religious concepts.
1444

Buddha Triad from Zhihua Hall (Zhihuadian, Hall of Transforming Wisdom), Shakyamuni (the central historical Buddha)
  • Title Translation: 智化殿三世佛 , 释迦牟尼佛
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The main altar of the Zhihua Hall is no longer in its original form, and the three large seated Buddhas that originally occupied the space were removed and are now believed to be in the Dajue Temple. The Zhihua Hall now houses three Buddha images that once occupied the Dabei Hall at the back of the temple. These sculptures are smaller in size than the former ones, but are likely quite similar in appearance. The three Buddhas are depicted sitting with legs crossed in front on lotus thrones. The elaborate throne bases are believed to be of the Qing (1644-1911). They each wear a robe draped over the left shoulder that falls diagonally across the front of the torso and under the right arm leaving the chest, right shoulder, and arm exposed. They have curling hair and a jewel-like protuberance on the ushnisha on the top of the head. They are distinguished by the position of their hands. The central Buddha has his right hand reaching forward with fingers pointed downward in the gesture of touching the earth (bhumishparsha mudra). The Buddha to his left has the right hand raised in the gesture of granting absence of fear (abhaya mudra) The Buddha at his right side has both hands has both hands held in front of the chest in gesture of teaching, known as turning the wheel of the law (dharmachakra mudra). The three are identified as The Buddhas of the Three Ages—Shakyamuni (the central historical Buddha), Dipankara (Buddha of the Past), and Maitreya (Buddha of the Future). From the time of Shakyamuni’s life and his teachings to his disciples, the belief in the Buddha as the Enlightened One grew into a religion that spread across Asia and expanded doctrinally to include a universe of many Buddhas of countless ages in time and realms of the universe. The Zhihua Temple sculptures illustrate various aspects of these religious concepts.
1444

Buddha Triad from Wanfo Pavilion (Wanfoge, Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), Shakyamuni Buddha digital reconstruction
  • Title Translation: 万佛阁三圣 , 释迦牟尼佛数字重建
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The three figures on the ground level of the Rulai Hall are located directly below three other large Buddha sculptural images in the upper level, called the Wanfoge (Ten-thousand Buddha Pavilion). Of these sculptures, the central figure is artistically similar to the Shakyamuni in the lower level. It too is a very large golden figure displaying finely modeled features and wearing the same kind of robe and earrings. In addition, this Buddha wears a five-petaled jeweled crown, large necklace and additional jewelry on his arms and ankles. He sits on a larger multilevel, thousand-petaled lotus throne set on an elaborately carved base that indicate his superior status or importance. His hands are held up in front of his chest, with the index finger of the left hand raised and the right hand closed over it. This is the mudra called the “wisdom fist” and is the gesture of the Buddha Vairocana who is the dharmakaya Buddha. A large coffered ceiling with central dragon was formerly situated directly above him. The two other large Buddha sculptures in the Wanfoge are labeled as Sakyamuni Buddha and Rochana Buddha, and together with the central Vairochana they are identified as the Three Bodies of the Buddha. Rochana represents the Buddha body as sambhogakaya or baoshen, body of reward, an idealized vision worshipped by believers emerged.
1444

Sutra Hall (Zangdian, or Scripture Hall), exterior, daytime
  • Title Translation: 藏殿 , 外部
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The Sutra Hall is a three-bay-by-three-bay structure (13.2 x 7.5 meters) with a hip-and-gable roof. The primary function of the hall is to house an octagonal sutra cabinet, usually known as “Revolving Sutra Cabinet” (zhuanlun jingzang), although the one here has a stone plinth supporting the wooden cabinets and does not revolve. To accommodate the sutra cabinet, two front interior columns were removed to make fully visible the cabinet’s front side. Further, the sutra cabinet is not located at the center but slightly closer to the rear, leaving the space in the front for veneration. A Vairocana Buddha seated on a lotus is positioned right at the center on top of the sutra cabinet. The off-center position of the sutra cabinet turns out to be a calculated decision, as it creates enough space and angle for a visitor to see the Vairocana Buddha right before s/he enters the hall.
1444

Revolving Sutra Cabinet (Zhuanlun Jingzang, or Scripture Cabinet) in Sutra Hall (Zangdian, or Scripture Hall), white marble base
  • Title Translation: 藏殿转轮经藏 , 白色大理石底座
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: “Revolving Sutra Cabinet” (zhuanlun jingzang) is an octagonal sutra cabinet. It has a stone plinth supporting the wooden cabinets and does not revolve. A Vairocana Buddha seated on a lotus is positioned right at the center on top of the sutra cabinet. The off-center position of the sutra cabinet turns out to be a calculated decision, as it creates enough space and angle for a visitor to see the Vairocana Buddha right before s/he enters the hall.
1444

Revolving Sutra Cabinet (Zhuanlun Jingzang, or Scripture Cabinet) in Sutra Hall (Zangdian, or Scripture Hall), white marble base
  • Title Translation: 藏殿转轮经藏 , 白色大理石底座
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: “Revolving Sutra Cabinet” (zhuanlun jingzang) is an octagonal sutra cabinet. It has a stone plinth supporting the wooden cabinets and does not revolve. A Vairocana Buddha seated on a lotus is positioned right at the center on top of the sutra cabinet. The off-center position of the sutra cabinet turns out to be a calculated decision, as it creates enough space and angle for a visitor to see the Vairocana Buddha right before s/he enters the hall.
1444

Revolving Sutra Cabinet (Zhuanlun Jingzang, or Scripture Cabinet) in Sutra Hall (Zangdian, or Scripture Hall), Garuda and Naga
  • Title Translation: 藏殿转轮经藏 , 迦楼罗和那伽
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: “Revolving Sutra Cabinet” (zhuanlun jingzang) is an octagonal sutra cabinet. It has a stone plinth supporting the wooden cabinets and does not revolve. A Vairocana Buddha seated on a lotus is positioned right at the center on top of the sutra cabinet. The off-center position of the sutra cabinet turns out to be a calculated decision, as it creates enough space and angle for a visitor to see the Vairocana Buddha right before s/he enters the hall.
1444

Revolving Sutra Cabinet (Zhuanlun Jingzang, or Scripture Cabinet) in Sutra Hall (Zangdian, or Scripture Hall), front and side
  • Title Translation: 藏殿转轮经藏 , 正面和侧面
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: “Revolving Sutra Cabinet” (zhuanlun jingzang) is an octagonal sutra cabinet. It has a stone plinth supporting the wooden cabinets and does not revolve. A Vairocana Buddha seated on a lotus is positioned right at the center on top of the sutra cabinet. The off-center position of the sutra cabinet turns out to be a calculated decision, as it creates enough space and angle for a visitor to see the Vairocana Buddha right before s/he enters the hall.
1444

Wanfo Pavilion (Wanfoge, Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), small Buddha
  • Title Translation: 万佛阁 , 小佛像
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The upper level of Rulai Hall is the Wanfo Pavilion (Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), which is a smaller 3-bay-by-3-bay structure. The Pavilion features the “Three Bodies of the Buddha” (sanshen fo), with Buddha Vairocana at the center accompanied by Śākyamuni to its left and Rocana Buddha (Luzhena fao) to its right. While the lower-level ceiling is flat, consisting of square panels (tianhua), the ceiling on the second level features a magnificent coffered ceiling (zaojing), now installed in the Chinese gallery of the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art. Rulai Hall and Wanfo Pavilion together form the religious center of the temple.
1444

Buddha Triad from Wanfo Pavilion (Wanfoge, Ten Thousand Buddhas Pavilion), Shakyamuni Buddha
  • Title Translation: 万佛阁三圣 , 释迦牟尼佛
  • Period: Ming, c. 1444 C.E.
  • Project: Beijing Zhihua Temple
  • Work Description: The three figures on the ground level of the Rulai Hall are located directly below three other large Buddha sculptural images in the upper level, called the Wanfoge (Ten-thousand Buddha Pavilion). Of these sculptures, the central figure is artistically similar to the Shakyamuni in the lower level. It too is a very large golden figure displaying finely modeled features and wearing the same kind of robe and earrings. In addition, this Buddha wears a five-petaled jeweled crown, large necklace and additional jewelry on his arms and ankles. He sits on a larger multilevel, thousand-petaled lotus throne set on an elaborately carved base that indicate his superior status or importance. His hands are held up in front of his chest, with the index finger of the left hand raised and the right hand closed over it. This is the mudra called the “wisdom fist” and is the gesture of the Buddha Vairocana who is the dharmakaya Buddha. A large coffered ceiling with central dragon was formerly situated directly above him. The two other large Buddha sculptures in the Wanfoge are labeled as Sakyamuni Buddha and Rochana Buddha, and together with the central Vairochana they are identified as the Three Bodies of the Buddha. Rochana represents the Buddha body as sambhogakaya or baoshen, body of reward, an idealized vision worshipped by believers emerged.
1444

Arhat (Luohan)
  • Title Translation: 罗汉
  • Period: Liao, 907-1125 C.E.
  • Project: Yixian Arhat
  • Work Description: Life-size, seated figure of a 'luohan' (arhat), with hands on lap, on a plinth with perforated front, the robes green and brown with stripes bordered blue. Made of lead-glazed stoneware.
907
1125

Fragment: portion of torso and right forearm
  • Title Translation: 碎片：躯干和右前臂的一部分
  • Period: Northern Wei, Tang, 386–534 C.E., 618–907 C.E.
  • Project: Sculptures in Longmen Caves
386 - 907

Eleven-headed Guanyin, Bodhisattva of Compassion
  • Title Translation: 十一面观世音菩萨
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
703

Buddha with Two Attendants in a Niche
  • Title Translation: 如来三尊佛龛
  • Period: Tang, 704 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
704

Buddha with Two Attendants in a Niche
  • Title Translation: 如来三尊佛龛
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
703

The Eleven-Headed Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in a Niche
  • Title Translation: 十一面观音龛
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
703

Buddha with Two Attendants in a Niche
  • Title Translation: 如来三尊佛龛
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
703

Buddha with Two Attendants in a Niche
  • Title Translation: 如来三尊佛龛
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
703

Seated Buddha and Bodhisattvas
  • Title Translation: 三佛龛
  • Period: Tang, 703 C.E.
  • Project: Guangzhai Temple Qibaotai Pagoda
  • Work Description: This work is one of the thirty-two existing examples from the statue group in Baoqingsi Temple, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. It was distinctively expressed in early Tang style which absorbed the Indian influence. The middle statue was presented with hands and fingers in the position of Sokuchi’in mudra. This pose is related to the statue of Śākyamuni in Budh Gaya in India where he had completed self-discipline and enlightened to the truth.
703

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Lotus Pedestal
  • Title Translation: 菩萨莲花台
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Guardian King
  • Title Translation: 菩萨立像
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Standing Bodhisattva, robed, holding flywhisk and unidentified object.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577