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30 unknown 23 Harvard Art Museums 16 Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts 16 private collection 13 National Museum of Asian Art 10 Museum Rietberg 9 University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 8 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art 7 Nezu Art Museum 7 Tokyo National Museum 6 Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 6 Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium 6 National Museum of China 5 Cleveland Museum of Art 5 Columbia University 5 Metropolitan Museum of Art 4 Museo nazionale d’arte orientale 4 Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde 4 San Diego Museum of Art 4 Tsz Shan Monastery Buddhist Art Museum 4 Victoria and Albert Museum 3 Barnes Foundation 3 British Museum 3 Honolulu Museum of Art 3 Philadelphia Museum of Art 2 Art Institute of Chicago 2 Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst 2 Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 2 National Gallery of Victoria 2 Royal Ontario Museum 2 University of Tokyo, Museum of Art and History 1 Aurora Art Museum 1 Brooklyn Museum of Art 1 Clark Art Institute 1 Columbia University, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 1 Detroit Institute of Arts 1 Guimet Museum 1 Idemitsu Museum of Art 1 J. J. Lally & Co. New York 1 Kosetsu Museum of Art 1 Masaki Art Museum 1 Miho Museum 1 Minneapolis Institute of Arts 1 Morgan Library & Museum 1 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1 Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka 1 Ohara Museum of Art 1 Palace Museum 1 Portland Art Museum 1 Rhode Island School of Design, Museum of Art 1 Rijksmuseum 1 Seattle Art Museum 1 Villa I Tatti 1 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 1 Wadsworth Atheneum
Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛头
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This head is from the main Buddha image on the north wall of Cave 2.
534 - 550

Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛头
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This small head resembles Buddha heads in historic photographs of Cave 3. It is missing the usnisa at the top of the head.
534 - 550

Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛头
  • Period: Sui, 581-618 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The Buddha head was cut from the south side of the central pillar of Cave 8.
581 - 618

Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛头
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This finely carved head of the Buddha is from the east wall of Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Sui, 581-618 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head is from one of the standing bodhisattvas on the west wall of Cave 8.
581 - 618

Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛头
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The Buddha head is from the main image on the east wall of Cave 2.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This head, in a private collection, is believed to be from the niche on the north wall of Cave 16.
550 - 577

Disciple Relief
  • Title Translation: 弟子浮雕
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The youthful disciple appears to have a pinch of incense in his right hand to place in the censer of the elderly disciple on the opposite wall of Cave 3.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Relief
  • Title Translation: 菩萨浮雕
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The bodhisattva is Manjusri and would have been situated in Cave 3 opposite the relief figure of Vimalakirti.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Relief
  • Title Translation: 菩萨浮雕
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The heavenly divinity carved in relief is holding a bowl in the gesture of offering.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Relief
  • Title Translation: 菩萨浮雕
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The figure stands in a pose of reverence to the sculpted Buddha and bodhisattvas in the niche on the west wall of Cave 3.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head appears to be from a bodhisattva on the west wall of Cave 1.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head is believed to be from a seated bodhisattva on the east wall of Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This head is believed to be from the seated bodhisattva on the north wall, east side, Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Standing
  • Title Translation: 立菩萨
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The sculpture is believed to have been taken from the east wall of Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head appears to be from a standing bodhisattva on the west wall of Cave 2.
534 - 550

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head with its ornate crown is from Cave 16.
550 - 577

Guardian Standing
  • Title Translation: 天王、护法力士立像
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The site of Tianlongshan Caves is located about 40 kilometres southwest of Taiyuan city in Shanxi Province. 25 caves have survived to this day. Taiyuan, historically called Jinyang, was the auxiliary capital of the Eastern Wei (534-550 CE) and Northern Qi (550-577 CE) dynasties. The royal members of the Northern Qi were devout Buddhists. Emperors Houzhu (565-577 CE) and Youzhu (570-578 CE) had many Buddhist monasteries constructed in Jinyang, which made this capital a Buddhist centre in addition to a political hub of the time. This Heavenly King (Lokapāla) statue of the Northern Qi dynasty originally belonged to Tianlongshan Cave 10, which has a front corridor and a rear chamber. Its head formerly belonged to the Vajrapāṇibalin standing on the west side of the corridor, while the body of the Heavenly King originally stood on the west side of the front wall inside the cave. The head of the statue is carved with tightly knitted eyebrows, round bulging eyes, a high straight nose, a gaping mouth showing the upper teeth biting the lower lip, tense cubic face muscles, and a fierce and very spirited countenance. The low regal crown on the head is finely carved with motifs featuring wish-fulfilling gems, scrolling clouds and tassels. Old photographs showing the original appearance of this Heavenly King reveal that he previously had a long-shaft trident spear in his right hand and a jewelled crown on his head. The right knee is flexed, but left leg is straight – hinting a sense of motion, where the feet are on a hill-shaped pedestal with a demon crouching at the front. The upper body is bare apart from a torc over the chest, some string-like criss-cross ornaments around his neck and waist, and a streamer around the shoulders. The lower body is wrapped in a long skirt girded by a leather belt. Traces of red pigment are still visible on the surface of the present statue. This statue was stolen from the cave and taken to Japan in the early 20th century. In 1932, it was exhibited by Yamanaka & Co. Ltd in Japan. Later, it was acquired by Yurinkan Museum in Kyoto and then by a private collector in Taiwan. The chequered and proven provenance has made this extremely rare Heavenly King statue of the Northern Dynasties even rarer. It is among the gems of our Museum collection.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Monster Squatting
  • Title Translation: 蹲鬼神
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Lotus Pedestal
  • Title Translation: 菩萨莲花台
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Guardian King
  • Title Translation: 菩萨立像
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Standing Bodhisattva, robed, holding flywhisk and unidentified object.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Pratyekabuddha Head
  • Title Translation: 辟支(缘觉)佛头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Stone head of a Pratyekabuddha. Dark bistre colored marble with a greenish yellow patina. From a large statue, approximately life size. Ancient head covering in spiral peak form.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: 菩萨头
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Stone head of bodhisattva. Hard dark stone. Life size. Narrow oval face with half-closed eyes and tiny mouth; no urna; long ears with pierced lobes and earrings; three peaked headdress with tassels partly missing.
550 - 577