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32 National Museum of Asian Art 31 private collection 29 Tokyo National Museum 28 unknown 25 Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts 19 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art 17 Museum Rietberg 17 University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 14 Nezu Art Museum 13 Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 12 Metropolitan Museum of Art 10 Cleveland Museum of Art 8 Columbia University 8 Harvard Art Museums 8 Museo nazionale dā€™arte orientale 8 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 8 Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde 7 San Diego Museum of Art 6 British Museum 6 Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium 6 National Museum of China 6 Victoria and Albert Museum 5 Barnes Foundation 5 Philadelphia Museum of Art 4 Museum fĆ¼r Ostasiatische Kunst 4 Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 4 Tsz Shan Monastery Buddhist Art Museum 4 University of Tokyo, Museum of Art and History 3 Art Institute of Chicago 3 Cincinnati Art Museum 3 Columbia University, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 2 Clark Art Institute 2 Detroit Institute of Arts 2 Guimet Museum 2 J. J. Lally & Co. New York 2 Kyushu National Museum 2 Masaki Art Museum 2 Miho Museum 2 Minneapolis Institute of Arts 2 Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka 2 Nara National Museum 2 National Gallery of Victoria 2 Ohara Museum of Art 2 Rijksmuseum 2 Royal Ontario Museum 2 Seattle Art Museum 2 Villa I Tatti 2 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 2 Wadsworth Atheneum 1 Aurora Art Museum 1 Brooklyn Museum of Art 1 Cernuschi Museum 1 Honolulu Museum of Art 1 Morgan Library & Museum 1 Nezu Museum 1 Portland Art Museum

347 figures
Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Standing, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØē«‹åƒ , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Both the Eastern Wei (535ā€“50) and the Northern Qi dynasties were ruled from a capital at Ye (presentday Linzhang) in southern Hebei province; both sponsored the construction of new cave temples. The complex built at Xiangtangshan (not far from the capital) dates from the Northern Qi period. It consists of two sites: the three enormous cave temples at the top of the mountain are known as Northern Xiangtangshan, while an additional seven smaller shrines, about nine miles to the south, are known as Southern Xiangtangshan. This head comes from the southern site, which was constructed slightly later.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Hand, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØꉋ , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Monk Kneeling, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č·Ŗ僧侣 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The North Xiangtangshan Grottoes are located in the Fengfeng mining district of Handan city, Hebei province. These caves are major Northern Qi dynasty caves that are thought to have been commissioned by imperial order. The South Cave of the grottoes was begun in 568, and the main surface and its two flanking walls are carved with large niches. This image is one of a pair of seated Buddhist priest figures carved in relief on either side of a large censer in the platform area of one of the side walls. The figure hunches over, with its mouth tightly closed as it holds something with both hands, exuding a particularly tranquil demeanor.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Stone head of a bodhisattva made of light colored stone with traces of red and yellow pigment. This head would have originally been part of a colossal statue. The piece is a companion to C353 and very similar to it, the principal differences being that the hair is arranged in a number of plaits and the crown is more elaborate. It is believed to originally come from the North Cave of Northern Xiangtangshan.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Stone head of a bodhisattva made of light colored stone with traces of red and light green pigment. This head would have originally been part of a colossal statue. The urna, represented by a round socket, would have originally contained some kind of precious stone or crystal sphere. The hair is smooth and parted in the middle. The crown has three peaks with a fillet around the base of the ushnisha. C353 and C354 are a pair from the North Cave of Northern Xiangtangshan.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Hand, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØꉋ , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Hand, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØꉋ , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Buddha Seated, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛坐像 , 3Dęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The simple clothing worn by this Buddha echoes the modest robes worn by the historical Buddha when he reached enlightenment after an intense period of meditation. Behind the figure is an ornate halo or aureole, decorated with flowers and an inner ring of lotus petals. The symmetrical composition of the sculpture intensifies the calmness reflected in the Buddha's face. Traces of red, black and green pigment on the head hint at the brightly coloured surface of the figure in earlier times.
550 - 577

Monster Kneeling
  • Title Translation: č·Ŗ鬼ē„ž
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: This kneeling monster from the cave-temple complex at Xiangtangshan was originally placed below some wall niches on the perimeter. With its grotesque face and body, it is among the most imaginative sculptures of the period.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Musician Sheng
  • Title Translation: ē¬™ä¹ä¼Ž
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Simply rounded forms chiseled from gray limestone create this engaging relief of a celestial musician, known as an apsaras in Sanskrit or tianjen in Chinese, depicted playing the sheng. This instrument is a mouth organ consisting of a number of bamboo pipes of different lengths, a pipe for blowing in air, and fingering keyholes.1 The musician gently holds the sheng in both hands, and his closed eyes and beatific expression convey a sense of rapture in its heavenly sounds. Apsarases, usually represented as females, are flying celestials, often musicians or dancers, hovering in attendance to Buddhas and bodhisattvas in paradise scenes. Paradise cults offered Buddhist believers salvation in the form of rebirth into a paradise where attainment of nirvana was easy and certain. The available evidence from the mid-sixth century and later, such as the large relief depicting the Paradise of Amitabha now in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., as well as a number of votive stelae, indicate the rising influence of paradise cults in China at this time.2 By the mid-sixth century, more ascetic ethereal forms with complex cascades of drapery and scarves had shifted to the rounded, more expansive forms defined by closer fitting and simpler garments, as in this example. Xiangtangshan, one of the important early Buddhist cave temple complexes in northern China, which was opened in the mid-sixth century, preserves excellent examples of these later stylistic features. The Xiangtangshan cave temples are believed to have been established by two Northern Qi emperors, both great devotees of the Buddhist religion. These caves temples lie across the frontier of two provinces: the northern group of caves is in Wuan prefecture, Henan province, and the southern group in Zixian prefecture, Hebei province.3 The Shumei musician was probably removed from a wall of the northern temple group at Xiangtangshan. Examples of sculpture from Xiangtangshan are extremely rare outside of China; two more fragmentary relief sculptures are in a private collection in Japan: the head and shoulders of a lute player and a flute player, both of which share stylistic features with the Shumei example.4 ALJ 1. Sheng became visible in tombs at least as early as the Western Han period, with examples preserved in lacquered wood in Tombs 1 and 3 at Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan province, c. 168 B.C. (see Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens 1982, p. 54). The instrument was also quite common in tombs during the Three Kingdoms-Six Dynasties period. 2. See Pal 1984, pp. 272-73; Wright 1971, p. 59 and n.2; and Davidson 1954, pp. 58-61. The large relief now in the Freer Gallery was probably taken from Cave II of the southern group of Buddhist cave temples at Xiangtangshan and shows remarkable resemblance to composition found at Borobudur (see Soper 1960, p. 95). For an additional Northern Qi example see Shanghai 1996, no. 38. 3. Mizuno and Nagahiro 1937, pp. 1-10. 4. Ibid., introductory essay, pl. 4. Both the fragmentary lute player and the flute player are in the collection of Shoichi Fujiki, Tarazuka, Japan.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Standing Guanyin
  • Title Translation: 观äø–éŸ³č©čØ
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: Statue of a standing bodhisattva made of dark stone, brown and stained with age, with traces of red, green and blue pigment. The bodhisattva has a long face, plump cheeks, eyes nearly closed, with very long lobed ears, unpierced. There is a jeweled tiara with small a aureole in front on which is carved a tiny standing figure of Amida Buddha. There are streamers from the headdress with elaborately draped scarfs and jewels hanging down over the skirt. The statue is bare foot with no pedestal but does have a tang that comes out the bottom of the piece. C113, C150 and C151 are a set and come from Cave #2 of the Southern Xiangtangshan cave complex.
550 - 577

Buddha Hand
  • Title Translation: ä½›ę‰‹
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
550 - 577

Buddha Seated
  • Title Translation: 佛坐像
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The simple clothing worn by this Buddha echoes the modest robes worn by the historical Buddha when he reached enlightenment after an intense period of meditation. Behind the figure is an ornate halo or aureole, decorated with flowers and an inner ring of lotus petals. The symmetrical composition of the sculpture intensifies the calmness reflected in the Buddha's face. Traces of red, black and green pigment on the head hint at the brightly coloured surface of the figure in earlier times.
550 - 577

Southern Xiangtangshan, seated buddha
  • Title Translation: å—å“å ‚å±±ę“žē©“ē¾¤ , 坐佛
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The two main groups of caves are known as Northern and Southern Xiangtangshan. The Northern Group, Bei Xiangtang, is the earliest and largest in scale and has three caves begun with imperial sponsorship; the Southern Group, Nan Xiangtang, has smaller caves numbered from one to seven; and a third site at Shuiyusi, also known as Xiao Xiangtang or ā€œLittle Xiangtang,ā€ has one Northern Qi cave with sculptures.
550 - 577

Southern Xiangtangshan, seated buddha
  • Title Translation: å—å“å ‚å±±ę“žē©“ē¾¤ , 坐佛
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The two main groups of caves are known as Northern and Southern Xiangtangshan. The Northern Group, Bei Xiangtang, is the earliest and largest in scale and has three caves begun with imperial sponsorship; the Southern Group, Nan Xiangtang, has smaller caves numbered from one to seven; and a third site at Shuiyusi, also known as Xiao Xiangtang or ā€œLittle Xiangtang,ā€ has one Northern Qi cave with sculptures.
550 - 577

Southern Xiangtangshan, standing disciple
  • Title Translation: å—å“å ‚å±±ę“žē©“ē¾¤ , ē«‹å¼Ÿå­
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The two main groups of caves are known as Northern and Southern Xiangtangshan. The Northern Group, Bei Xiangtang, is the earliest and largest in scale and has three caves begun with imperial sponsorship; the Southern Group, Nan Xiangtang, has smaller caves numbered from one to seven; and a third site at Shuiyusi, also known as Xiao Xiangtang or ā€œLittle Xiangtang,ā€ has one Northern Qi cave with sculptures.
550 - 577

Southern Xiangtangshan, sculpture fragments
  • Title Translation: å—å“å ‚å±±ę“žē©“ē¾¤ , 雕唑ē¢Žē‰‡
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Xiangtangshan Caves
  • Work Description: The two main groups of caves are known as Northern and Southern Xiangtangshan. The Northern Group, Bei Xiangtang, is the earliest and largest in scale and has three caves begun with imperial sponsorship; the Southern Group, Nan Xiangtang, has smaller caves numbered from one to seven; and a third site at Shuiyusi, also known as Xiao Xiangtang or ā€œLittle Xiangtang,ā€ has one Northern Qi cave with sculptures.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Standing
  • Title Translation: ē«‹č©čØ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This standing bodhisattva is unusually well-preserved and can be identified with a figure on the north wall in historic photographs of Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head is from the seated bodhisattva on the north wall, west side, Cave 18, as recorded in historical photographs. The topknot and nose are restored.
618 - 907

Buddha Head
  • Title Translation: 佛夓
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The source of this head was probably a smaller cave at Tianlongshan.
618 - 907