CENTER FOR THE ART OF EAST ASIA
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66 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art 59 Philadelphia Museum of Art 47 Harvard Art Museums 40 National Museum of Asian Art 33 Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts 32 private collection 31 unknown 29 Tokyo National Museum 21 Museum Rietberg 20 University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 19 Metropolitan Museum of Art 14 Nezu Art Museum 13 Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 12 Cleveland Museum of Art 10 Columbia University 8 Museo nazionale dā€™arte orientale 8 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 8 Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde 7 British Museum 7 Honolulu Museum of Art 7 San Diego Museum of Art 6 Barnes Foundation 6 Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium 6 National Museum of China 6 Victoria and Albert Museum 5 Tsz Shan Monastery Buddhist Art Museum 4 Cincinnati Art Museum 4 Museum fĆ¼r Ostasiatische Kunst 4 Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 4 Royal Ontario Museum 4 University of Tokyo, Museum of Art and History 3 Art Institute of Chicago 3 Columbia University, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 2 Clark Art Institute 2 Detroit Institute of Arts 2 Guimet Museum 2 Harvard Library 2 Idemitsu Museum of Art 2 J. J. Lally & Co. New York 2 Kyushu National Museum 2 Masaki Art Museum 2 Miho Museum 2 Minneapolis Institute of Arts 2 Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka 2 Nara National Museum 2 National Gallery of Victoria 2 Ohara Museum of Art 2 Rijksmuseum 2 Seattle Art Museum 2 Villa I Tatti 2 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 2 Wadsworth Atheneum 1 Aurora Art Museum 1 Brooklyn Museum of Art 1 Cernuschi Museum 1 Kosetsu Museum of Art 1 Morgan Library & Museum 1 Nezu Museum 1 Palace Museum 1 Portland Art Museum 1 Rhode Island School of Design, Museum of Art
Cave 9
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬ä¹ēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 9 was cut into the eastern edge of the western section at Tianlongshan in the Tang dynasty. It consists of a huge niche with two levels. The upper level is set back and has a massive colossal Maitreya Buddha image more than 7.5 meters high, seated with his back against the cliff and his head reaching nearly to the cliff top. The lower level has three large bodhisattvas carved in the round, a central standing eleven-headed Avalokitesvara (Guanyin) and two seated bodhisattvas at the sides, each riding on an animal. The Guanyin figure stands 5.5 meters high. Its head is a modern replacement for the original one. The bodhisattva on the east side, mounted on an elephant, is Samantabhadra (Puxian), and the one on the west side, sitting on a lion, is Manjusri (Wenshu). The large group of carvings is protected by a tall wooden structure that was reconstructed in recent times. The original building, believed to be from the Tang, was repaired in the tenth century, as recorded on the stele dated 975 preserved at the site.
618 - 907

Cave 10
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬åēŖŸ
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 10 is a Northern Qi cave that is just west of the colossal sculptures and wooden structure of Cave 9. It is accessible through an opening in the east wall adjacent to Cave 9. The entrance porch is now high above path in front of the cave. Still partially preserved on the west side, it has one large pillar remaining on the west side. The entrance porch has two guardian figures standing outside, one of which mostly remains. Like the other caves of the Northern Qi period at Tianlongshan, this is one of the larger caves, its interior a square chamber more than three meters on each side with figures carved on four walls. There are recessed niches on the back and side walls that contain most of the principle sculptural images. Smaller figures of musicians and lions appear along the front of the low altar.
550 - 577

Cave 11
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬åäø€ēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 11 is a poorly preserved small Tang cave less than a meter square to the west and above Cave 10. Moving onward to the southwest, a figure of a monk carved in high relief appears on the cliff high above the path, standing as though paying respects to one of the two relief stupas flanking the entrance to Cave 12. The stupas are square single-story structures with a domed roof, and each has niche displaying a seated figure and two attendants. Similar in design to the many funerary stupas seen at Baoshan near Anyang, they may also be funerary in nature, commemorating deceased monks and nuns and containing their ashes.
618 - 907

Cave 11
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬åäø€ēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 11 is a poorly preserved small Tang cave less than a meter square to the west and above Cave 10. Moving onward to the southwest, a figure of a monk carved in high relief appears on the cliff high above the path, standing as though paying respects to one of the two relief stupas flanking the entrance to Cave 12. The stupas are square single-story structures with a domed roof, and each has niche displaying a seated figure and two attendants. Similar in design to the many funerary stupas seen at Baoshan near Anyang, they may also be funerary in nature, commemorating deceased monks and nuns and containing their ashes.
618 - 907

Cave 14
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬åå››ēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 14 is a Tang cave that had finely carved sculptures, many of which are now in collections outside China
618 - 907

Cave 3
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬äø‰ēŖŸ
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Like Cave 2, Cave 3 has a square plan with Buddha and bodhisattva images with relief carvings on three walls.
534 - 550

Cave 17
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬åäøƒēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 17 directly adjacent to Cave 16 to the west, is one of the most important Tang dynasty caves and had a stele carved on the east side of the porch whose inscription is now entirely unreadable. The porch formerly had two muscular lishi figures guarding the entrance that are now missing. The interior chamber is about two meters square in plan with a low altar around three walls on which there were thirteen fine sculptural imagesā€”three seated Buddhas, four standing bodhisattvas, and six seated bodhisattvas. The figures are distinctive in their appearance, and they were well preserved a century ago. As a result, they were targeted, and numerous fragments taken from Cave 17 are known in museums outside China. To the west of Cave 17 and slightly below are two small carved relief stupas that were probably made to hold relics of the deceased. The openings in the stupa chamber are now empty.
618 - 907

Cave 21
  • Title Translation: ē¬¬äŗŒåäø€ēŖŸ
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Cave 21 is the largest Tang dynasty cave with the exception of Cave 9. It now has traces of only a single larger than life-sized seated Buddha on the north (back) wall and five standing attendants (Photograph. Li 2003, color pl. 21). The cave is damaged by a large fissure in the stone that cuts across the east and west walls, thus the stone may not have been suitable for sculpting. It is possible that some of the figures formerly made for the cave were not attached to the walls, but carved separately and placed into the cave.
618 - 907

Tianlongshan Caves
  • Title Translation: 天龙山ēŸ³ēŖŸ
  • Period: Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Tang, 534-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
534 - 907

Tianlongshan Caves
  • Title Translation: 天龙山ēŸ³ēŖŸ
  • Period: Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Tang, 534-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
534 - 907

Flying Divinity, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 飞天 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The flying divinity hovering above clouds is one of four such figures carved in relief on the ceiling of Cave 3.
534 - 550

Disciple Relief, 3D model
  • Title Translation: å¼Ÿå­ęµ®é›• , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The elderly disciple Kasyapa holds an incense burner in his hands.
534 - 550

Devotee Relief, 3D model
  • Title Translation: äæ”å¾’ęµ®é›• , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Relief carvings of Buddhist worshipers appeared on the lower level of the walls of Caves 2 and 3.
534 - 550

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The snail shell curls of the hair are unusual on Tang dynasty Buddhas at Tianlongshan. The specific cave from which it comes is uncertain.
618 - 907

Buddha Seated, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 坐佛 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: Buddhas seated in this pose can be identified as Maitreya, the Buddha of the future. The figure is believed to be from the upper level Cave 3.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The crowned bodhisattva head, believed to be from Cave 1, is partially covered with brown pigment and shows signs of damage and restoration.
550 - 577

Vimalakirti Relief, 3D model
  • Title Translation: ē»“ę‘©čÆ˜ęµ®é›• , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The wise layman Vimalakirti sits holding a fan and originally faced the bodhisattva Manjusri, on the opposite wall of Cave 3.
534 - 550

Devotee Relief, 3D model
  • Title Translation: äæ”å¾’ęµ®é›• , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Eastern Wei, 534-550 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: A single donor/worshiper dressed in a robe with wide sleeves walks holding a large lotus flower bud on a curving stem.
534 - 550

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Sui, 581-618 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The Buddha head is from the west side of the central pillar of Cave 8.
581 - 618

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Sui, 581-618 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The small head is carved of a reddish sandstone and has not been identified with any cave at Tianlongshan.
581 - 618

Finial Bird, 3D model
  • Title Translation: ē‘žéøŸ , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Northern Qi, 550-577 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This bird and its mate came from the north wall of Cave 16 where they flanked the main group of Buddhist figures in the niche.
550 - 577

Bodhisattva Standing, 3D model
  • Title Translation: ē«‹č©čØ , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The standing bodhisattva is believed to be from the east wall, north side, Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: This finely carved head is from a standing bodhisattva on the west wall of Cave 14. The figure to which it belongs is in the Museum Rietberg.
618 - 907

Buddha Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: 佛夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head is from the seated Buddha on the west wall of Cave 18.
618 - 907

Bodhisattva Head, 3D model
  • Title Translation: č©čØ夓 , 3D ęؔ型
  • Period: Tang, 618-907 C.E.
  • Project: Tianlongshan Caves
  • Work Description: The head of the bodhisattva is missing its topknot. Other heads from Cave 18 have had the topknot restored.
618 - 907